[Cost-effectiveness analysis of fracture liaison services in Catalonia]. / Análisis de coste-efectividad de las Unidades de Coordinación de Fracturas en Cataluña.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) compared to the standard of care for secondary prevention of fragility fractures form the perspective of the Catalan Health Service. METHODS: Cost-utility assessment through a Markov model that simulated disease progression of a patients' cohort candidates to initiate antiosteoporotic treatment after a fragility fracture. A time horizon of 10 years and a 6-month duration per cycle was established. Clinical, economics and quality of life parameters were obtained from the literature and derived from four Catalan FLS. The Catalan Health Service perspective was adopted, considering direct health costs expressed in 2022 euros. A 3% discount rate was applied on costs and outcomes. Uncertainty was assessed through multiple sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: Compared to the standard of care, FLS would promote antiosteoporotic initiation and persistence, reducing the incidence and mortality associated with subsequent fragility fractures. This incremental clinical benefit was estimated at 0.055 years and 0.112 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) per patient. A higher cost (€1,073.79 per patient) was estimated, resulting into an incremental cost-utility ratio of €9,602.72 per QALYs gained. The sensitivity analyses performed were consistent, corroborating the robustness and conservative approach of the base-case. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of FLS for the secondary prevention of FF would represent a cost-effective strategy from the Catalan Health Service perspective.

Marcadores genéticos y séricos relacionados con una rápida progresión clínica de la arteriosclerosis coronaria / Serum and genetic markers related to rapid clinical progression of coronary artery disease

Introducción y objetivos: La progresión de la enfermedad coronaria una vez se hace evidente a la clínica tiene una gran variabilidad interindividual. El objetivo es determinar marcadores séricos y genéticos en pacientes con rápida progresión clínica (RPC) de la enfermedad coronaria frente a pacientes con estabilidad clínica mantenida (ECM). Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos (RPC) y controles (ECM) (1:2). Se consideró RPC a los pacientes que precisaron al menos 2 revascularizaciones por progresión de la ateroesclerosis en los 10 años posteriores a una primera angioplastia y ECM a aquellos sin eventos durante el mismo periodo tras la primera angioplastia. Una vez seleccionados, se determinaron los valores séricos, la expresión de ácido ribonucleico mensajero (ARNm) y polimorfismos genéticos de interleucina 6, proteína C reactiva y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNFα) como marcadores de inflamación y proproteína convertasa subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9), receptor de lipoproteínas de baja densidad, proteína 2 de unión a elementos reguladores de esteroles y apolipoproteína B como marcadores aterogénicos. Resultados: Se incluyó a 180 pacientes (58 en RPC y 122 en ECM). Las características basales demográficas, del perfil de riesgo clásico y de la extensión de la enfermedad coronaria fueron comparables. El grupo de RPC presentó valores séricos más altos de interleucina 6 y PCSK9 y mayor expresión de ARNm de TNF. Los alelos de Interleucina-6 rs180075C, de TNF rs3093664 non-G y de PCSK9 rs2483205 T confieren riesgo de RPC (p<0,05 en todos los casos). Un 51,7% de los pacientes del grupo RPC presentaron los tres alelos de riesgo frente al 18% de los pacientes del grupo en ECM (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Se propone la existencia de marcadores genotípicos y fenotípicos asociados con la RPC de enfermedad coronaria y que podrían servir para individualizar la intensidad y el tipo de tratamiento.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Patients with clinically evident coronary artery disease differ in their rate of progression, which impacts prognosis. We aimed to characterize serum and genetic markers in patients with rapid clinical progression (RCP) of coronary artery disease vs those with long standing stable (LSS) disease. Methods: Retrospective study of cases (RCP) and controls (LSS) (1:2). Patients requiring ≥ 2 revascularizations due to atherosclerotic progression in the 10 years after a first angioplasty were considered to be RCP and those without events during the same period after the first angioplasty were considered to have LSS disease. After patient selection, we analyzed serum values, mRNA expression and genetic polymorphisms of inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and atherogenic markers consisted of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), low-density lipoprotein receptor, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2, and apolipoprotein-B. Results: The study included 180 patients (58 RCP and 122 LSS). Demographic characteristics, classic risk factors and the extent of coronary disease were similar in the 2 groups. Patients with RCP showed higher serum levels of interleukin-6 and PCSK9 and higher TNF mRNA expression. Interleukin-6 rs180075C, TNF rs3093664 non-G and PCSK9 rs2483205 T alleles conferred a risk of RCP (P<.05 in all cases). Among patients with RCP, 51.7% had all 3 risk alleles vs 18% of those with LSS (P<.001). Conclusions: We suggest the existence of specific phenotypic and genotypic markers associated with RCP of coronary artery disease that could help to individualize the type and intensity of treatment.(AU)

Impacto de um programa educativo com tecnologia online na pessoa pós-intervenção coronária percutânea / The impact of an online education program on patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention / Impacto de un programa educativo con tecnología en línea en la persona sometida a una intervención coronaria percutânea

Resumo Enquadramento: A doença isquémica coronária constituiu uma das principais causas de morte em Portugal. Como doença crónica, é imperativo desenvolver competências de mudanças comportamentais efetivas e um maior nível de aceitação e adesão às recomendações disponibilizadas. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de um programa educativo de enfermagem online, tendo em conta as características sociodemográficas, fatores de risco cardiovasculares, estilo de vida, indicadores clínicos, adesão à terapêutica farmacológica, capacidade de autocuidado terapêutico, literacia e aceitação do recurso à tecnologia. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, do tipo experimental, com desenho antes-após e com grupo controlo. Resultados: A intervenção educativa resultou numa diminuição do peso, perímetro abdominal, índice de massa corporal, tensão arterial, colesterol, glicemia, e no aumento da aceitação dos participantes sobre a sua condição clínica e utilização de tecnologia. Conclusão: A implementação de um programa estruturado de ensino constitui-se como uma boa metodologia na melhoria dos indicadores clínicos, aumento da adesão à terapêutica farmacológica, capacidade de autocuidado terapêutico, literacia em saúde, estilo de vida e aceitação da tecnologia por parte dos participantes.

Abstract Background: Ischemic coronary disease is one of the leading causes of death in Portugal. As a chronic disease, it is imperative to develop skills for effective behavioural change and a higher level of acceptance and adherence to the recommendations provided. Objective: To assess the impact of an online nursing education programme, considering socio-demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle, clinical indicators, adherence to pharmacological therapy, therapeutic self-care skills, literacy and acceptance of the use of technology. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive, experimental study, with a before-after design and control group. Results: The educational intervention resulted in a decrease in weight, abdominal circumference, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose, and in increased acceptance of the participants about their clinical condition and use of technology. Conclusion: The implementation of a structured teaching program constitutes a good methodology for improving clinical indicators, increasing adherence to pharmacological therapy, capacity for therapeutic self-care, health literacy, lifestyle and acceptance of technology by the participants.

Resumen Marco contextual: La cardiopatía isquémica es una de las principales causas de muerte en Portugal. Al tratarse de una enfermedad crónica, es imprescindible desarrollar competencias eficaces de cambio de comportamiento y un mayor nivel de aceptación y adherencia a las recomendaciones proporcionadas. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de un programa educativo de enfermería en línea, teniendo en cuenta las características sociodemográficas, los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, el estilo de vida, los indicadores clínicos, la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico, la capacidad de autocuidado terapéutico, la alfabetización sanitaria y la aceptación del uso de la tecnología. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, experimental, con un diseño antes-después y un grupo de control. Resultados: La intervención educativa se tradujo en una disminución del peso, del perímetro abdominal, del índice de masa corporal, de la tensión arterial, del colesterol y de la glucemia, así como en una mayor aceptación de los participantes sobre su estado clínico y el uso de la tecnología. Conclusión: La implementación de un programa de enseñanza estructurado es una buena metodología para mejorar los indicadores clínicos, aumentar la adherencia a la terapia farmacológica, la capacidad de autocuidado terapéutico, la alfabetización sanitaria, el estilo de vida y la aceptación de la tecnología por parte de los participantes.

Características y tratamiento de los pacientes nonagenarios con enfermedad vascular ingresados en los servicios de medicina interna. Registro NONAVASC-2 / Characteristics and treatment of nonagenarian patients with vascular disease admitted to internal medicine services. NONAVASC-2 registry

Introducción La enfermedad vascular es la causa más frecuente de morbimortalidad, y su prevalencia incrementa con la edad. Los pacientes muy añosos no se encuentran incluidos en los estudios sobre enfermedad vascular, desconociéndose sus características y tratamientos. Objetivo Conocer las características clínicas de los pacientes nonagenarios hospitalizados en servicios de medicina interna con diagnóstico de EV establecida y la adecuación de su manejo farmacológico. Material y métodos El Registro NONAVASC-2 es un estudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico. Se incluyeron pacientes hospitalizados por cualquier causa. La recogida de datos se realizó a través de una base anonimizada online con parámetros sociodemográficos, clínicos, analíticos, terapéuticos y evolutivos. Resultados Se incluyeron 1.049 pacientes con una edad media de 93,14 años (57,8% mujeres). La prevalencia de los factores de riesgo fue muy elevada: hipertensión (84,9%), dislipemia (50,9%) y diabetes mellitus (29,4%). El 33,4% presentaba dependencia grave/total. El 82,9% recibía tratamiento antitrombótico (53,7% antiagregantes, 25,4% anticoagulación y 3,8% doble terapia). Solo el 38,2% recibía estatinas. El porcentaje de dependencia (39,2 vs. 24,1%; p=0,00) y deterioro cognitivo grave (30,8 vs. 13,8%; p=0,00) era significativamente mayor entre los pacientes que no las recibían. El 19% falleció durante el ingreso. Conclusión Los pacientes nonagenarios con EV presentan una elevada comorbilidad, dependencia y mortalidad. A pesar de estar en prevención secundaria, el 17% de ellos no recibía antitrombóticos y solo el 38% estatinas. Esta infraprescripción está condicionada por la situación funcional, entre otros factores, por lo que es necesario realizar más estudios para conocer el impacto sobre su pronóstico (AU)

Introduction Vascular disease is the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality and its prevalence increases with age. Old patients are not included in studies on vascular disease, their characteristics and treatments being unknown. Objective Know the clinical characteristics of nonagenarian patients hospitalized in Internal Medicine services with a diagnosis of established VD and the adequacy of their pharmacological management. Material and methods The NONAVASC-2 registry is an observational, prospective, multicentre study. Hospitalized patients for any cause were included. Data collection was carried out through an anonymous online database with sociodemographic, clinical, analytical, therapeutic and evolutionary parameters. Results One thousand forty-nine patients with a mean age of 93.14 years (57.8% women) were included. The prevalence of risk factors and VD was high: hypertension (84.9%), dyslipidemia (50.9%) and diabetes mellitus (29.4%). 33.4% presented severe-total dependency. 82.9% received antithrombotic treatment (53.7% antiplatelets, 25.4% anticoagulation and 3.8% double therapy). Only 38.2% received statins. The percentage of severe dependence (39.2% vs 24.1%; p=0.00) and severe cognitive impairment (30.8% vs 13.8%; p=0.00) was significantly higher among patients who did not receive them. 19% died during admission. Conclusions Nonagenarian patients with VD present high comorbidity, dependence and mortality. Despite being in secondary prevention, 17% did not receive antithrombotics and only 38% received statins. The underprescription is conditioned, among other factors, by the functional status. More studies are necessary to determine the impact of this issue on their prognosis (AU)

Characteristics and treatment of nonagenarian patients with vascular disease admitted to internal medicine services. NONAVASC-2 registry.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular disease (VD) is the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality and its prevalence increases with age. Old patients are not included in studies on VD, their characteristics and treatments being unknown. OBJECTIVE: Know the clinical characteristics of nonagenarian patients hospitalized in Internal Medicine services with a diagnosis of established VD and the adequacy of their pharmacological management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The NONAVASC-2 registry is an observational, prospective, multicentre study. Hospitalized patients for any cause were included. Data collection was carried out through an anonymous online database with sociodemographic, clinical, analytical, therapeutic and evolutionary parameters. RESULTS: One thousand forty-nine patients with a mean age of 93.14 years (57.8% women) were included. The prevalence of risk factors and VD was high: hypertension (84.9%), dyslipidemia (50.9%) and diabetes mellitus (29.4%). 33.4% presented severe-total dependency. 82.9% received antithrombotic treatment (53.7% antiplatelets, 25.4% anticoagulation and 3.8% double therapy). Only 38.2% received statins. The percentage of severe dependence (39.2% vs 24.1%; p = 0.00) and severe cognitive impairment (30.8% vs 13.8%; p = 0.00) was significantly higher among patients who did not receive them. 19% died during admission. CONCLUSIONS: Nonagenarian patients with VD present high comorbidity, dependence and mortality. Despite being in secondary prevention, 17% did not receive antithrombotics and only 38% received statins. The underprescription is conditioned, among other factors, by the functional status. More studies are necessary to determine the impact of this issue on their prognosis.

Fases del desarrollo de biomarcadores para la detección temprana del cáncer / Phases of the development of biomarkers for early detection of cancer

Introducción. Un biomarcador se define como una alteración molecular presente en el desarrollo de la patogénesis del cáncer, que puede ser utilizada para el diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad. La medición del biomarcador se hace por medio de diversas técnicas, como bioquímica, inmunohistoquímica o biología molecular, en diferentes tipos de muestras, como tejido, sangre periférica y orina. El biomarcador ideal será aquel que sea válido y específico a la vez, que sea no invasivo, barato y fácilmente detectable. El uso de biomarcadores para la detección temprana del cáncer debe seguir un desarrollo ordenado y sistemático antes de introducirlos en la práctica clínica. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en las bases de datos de PubMed y Embase, seleccionando los artículos pertinentes para revisarlos acorde a la temática específica de interés. Resultados. Se propone la sistematización del desarrollo de biomarcadores en cinco grandes fases, las cuales tienen la característica de ser ordenadas desde las evidencias más tempranas hasta las fases finales de su estudio. Conclusiones. El correcto desarrollo de biomarcadores hace posible la introducción de intervenciones terapéuticas en el ámbito de la prevención secundaria del cáncer.

Introduction. A biomarker can be defined as a molecular alteration present in the development of cancer pathogenesis which can be used for early diagnosis of the disease. The measurement of the biomarker can be carried out through various techniques such as biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, in different types of samples such as tissue, peripheral blood, and urine. The ideal biomarker will be one that is valid and specific while is non-invasive, cheap, and easily detectable. The use of biomarkers for the early detection of cancer must follow an orderly and systematic development before introducing them into clinical practice. Methods. An exhaustive search was performed in PubMed and Embase databases, selecting the relevant articles according to the specific topic of interest. Results. Systematization of the development of biomarkers in five large phases is proposed, which has the characteristic of being ordered from the earliest evidence to the final phases of their study. Conclusions. The correct development of biomarkers makes possible the introduction of therapeutic interventions in the field of secondary prevention of cancer.

Coste-efectividad de la polipíldora CNIC frente a los monocomponentes separados en prevención secundaria cardiovascular en España / Cost-effectiveness of the CNIC-Polypill versus separate monocomponents in cardiovascular secondary prevention in Spain

Introducción y objetivos A pesar de los avances en el tratamiento, la enfermedad cardiovascular es la segunda causa de muerte en España. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el coste-efectividad de la estrategia polipíldora CNIC (ácido acetilsalicílico 100mg, atorvastatina 20/40mg, ramipril 2,5/5/10mg) comparada con los mismos monocomponentes por separado para la prevención secundaria de eventos cardiovasculares recurrentes en adultos en España. Materiales y métodos Se adaptó un modelo Markov considerando 4 estados de salud (estable, evento cardiovascular adverso mayor posterior, ictus isquémico posterior y muerte) y la ecuación de riesgo SMART con un horizonte temporal de toda la vida desde la perspectiva del Sistema Nacional de Salud español. La estrategia polipíldora CNIC se comparó con monocomponentes en una cohorte hipotética de 1.000 pacientes en prevención secundaria.Los datos de efectividad, epidemiológicos, de costes y de utilidades se obtuvieron del estudio NEPTUNO, de bases de datos oficiales y de la literatura. Los resultados fueron los costes (en euros de 2021) por año de vida (AV) ganados y por años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC) ganados. Se aplicó una tasa de descuento del 3%. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad determinísticos univariantes y probabilísticos para evaluar la solidez del modelo. Resultados La estrategia polipíldora CNIC, en prevención secundaria, produce más ganancias de AV (13,22) y AVAC (11,64) a un coste inferior que los monocomponentes. La polipíldora CNIC es dominante y ahorra 280,68euros por paciente en comparación con los monocomponentes por separado. El análisis de sensibilidad probabilístico muestra que el 82,4% de las simulaciones están por debajo del umbral de 25.000euros por AVAC ganado (AU)

Introduction and objectives Despite advances in treatment, cardiovascular disease is the second leading cause of death in Spain. The objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of the CNIC-Polypill strategy (acetylsalicylic acid 100mg, atorvastatin 20/40mg, ramipril 2.5/5/10mg) compared with the same separate monocomponents for the secondary prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events in adults in Spain. Materials and methods A Markov cost-utility model was adapted considering four health states (stable, subsequent major adverse cardiovascular event, subsequent ischemic stroke and death) and the SMART risk equation over a lifetime horizon from the perspective of the Spanish National Healthcare System. The CNIC-Polypill strategy was compared with monocomponents in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 secondary prevention patients. Effectiveness, epidemiological, cost and utilities data were obtained from the NEPTUNO study, official databases and literature. Outcomes were costs (in 2021euros) per life-year (LY) and quality-adjusted LY (QALY) gained. A 3% discount rate was applied. Deterministic one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses evaluated the robustness of the model. Results The CNIC-Polypill strategy in secondary prevention results in more LY (13.22) and QALY (11.64) gains at a lower cost than monocomponents. The CNIC-Polypill is dominant and saves €280.68 per patient compared with monocomponents. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis shows that 82.4% of the simulations are below the threshold of €25,000 per QALY gained. Conclusions The CNIC-Polypill strategy in secondary cardiovascular prevention is cost-effective compared with the same separate monocomponents, resulting in a cost-saving strategy to the Spanish National Healthcare System (AU)

Infarto medular: etiología, hallazgos radiológicos y factores pronósticos en una serie de 41 pacientes / Spinal cord infarction: aetiology, imaging findings, and prognostic factors in a series of 41 patients

Introducción: El infarto medular es una entidad infrecuente y con elevada morbilidad. El diag-nóstico puede resultar difícil y el tratamiento óptimo sigue siendo controvertido. Existen pocasseries de casos publicadas.Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de infarto medular en un hospital terciario desde 1999 a 2020.Se evaluaron la etiología, las características clínicas, radiológicas, terapéuticas y pronósticas.Resultados: Se incluyeron 41 pacientes (58,5% varones, edad media 61 ±17 a˜nos). Treinta y unpacientes (75,6%) presentaban factores de riesgo vascular (FRV). Presentaron déficit motor (39,95,1%), dolor (20, 48,8%), déficit sensitivo (33, 80,4%) y alteración autonómica (24, 58,5%). Serealizó resonancia magnética (RM) en 37 pacientes (90,2%). En los 12 pacientes con secuenciasde difusión, esta estaba alterada en 10. La localización más afectada fue la dorsal (68,2%). Serealizó estudio vascular en 33 pacientes (80,4%). Las etiologías más frecuentes fueron disecciónaórtica en 6, ateroesclerosis demostrada en estudio vascular en 6, embolia fibrocartilaginosa en6, posquirúrgico en 5 e hipotensión en 4. El mecanismo etiológico quedó sin filiar en 12 pacientes(29,3%), 9 presentaban FRV. Al final del periodo de seguimiento (mediana 24 meses, rangointercuartílico 3-70), 12 pacientes (29,2%) presentaban deambulación autónoma. La presenciade FRV y la paraparesia se asociaron significativamente a peor pronóstico (p < 0,05).Discusión: El infarto medular es una patología con una etiología variada, que en muchos delos pacientes queda sin resolver. El pronóstico funcional a largo plazo es malo y depende de lascaracterísticas basales del paciente y de la forma de presentación clínica. La RM, especialmentelas secuencias de difusión, es útil en el diagnóstico precoz.(AU)

Introduction: Spinal cord infarction is a rare disease with a high rate of morbidity. Its diagnosiscan be challenging and controversy remains regarding the best treatment. Few case series havebeen published.Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of cases of spinal cord infarction attended ina tertiary hospital from 1999 to 2020. Aetiology and clinical, imaging, and prognostic featureswere assessed.Results: Forty-one patients (58.5% men, mean [standard deviation] age 61 [17] years) wereincluded in the study. Thirty-one patients (75.6%) presented vascular risk factors. Motor deficitswere recorded in 39 (95.1%), pain in 20 (48.8%), sensory deficits in 33 (80.4%), and autonomicdysfunction in 24 (58.5%). MRI was performed in 37 (90.2%) patients. Diffusion-weighted imageswere available for 12 patients, with 10 showing diffusion restriction. The thoracic region wasthe most frequently affected (68.2%). Vascular imaging studies were performed in 33 patients(80.4%). The most frequent aetiologies were aortic dissection (6 cases), atherosclerosis demons-trated by vascular imaging (6 cases), fibrocartilaginous embolism (6 cases), surgery (5 cases),and hypotension (4 cases). Aetiology was undetermined in 12 patients (29.3%), although 9 ofthese presented vascular risk factors. At the end of the follow-up period (median, 24 months;interquartile range, 3-70), 12 patients (29.2%) were able to walk without assistance. Vascularrisk factors and paraparesis were significantly associated with poorer prognosis (P < .05).Discussion: Spinal cord infarction may present diverse aetiologies, with the cause remainingundetermined in many patients. Long-term functional prognosis is poor, and depends on baselinecharacteristics and clinical presentation. MRI, and especially diffusion-weighted sequences, isuseful for early diagnosis.(AU)

Utilidad del Holter insertable con detección remota en el diagnóstico etiológico del ictus criptogénico: análisis de 73 pacientes / Use of the insertable Holter with remote detection in the etiological diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke: Analysis of 73 patients

Introducción El ictus criptogénico constituye el 25% del total de ictus isquémicos, de los cuales un 20-30% son debidos a fibrilación auricular (FA). Con el objetivo de aumentar la tasa de detección, surgen los dispositivos de monitorización prolongada implantables. El estudio del perfil del candidato ideal subsidiario de dicha monitorización otorgaría un mejor entendimiento de los mecanismos que subyacen en este subtipo de ictus. Objetivo Determinar qué variables están relacionadas y pueden predecir la detección de FA silente en pacientes con ictus criptogénico. Pacientes y métodos Se trata de una cohorte longitudinal con selección desde marzo de 2017 hasta mayo de 2022. Son pacientes portadores de dispositivo de monitorización implantable e ictus criptogénico con monitorización mínima de un año. Resultados El total de pacientes incluidos fue de 73, con edad media de 58,8 años, siendo el 56,2% varones. Se detectó FA en 21 pacientes (28,8%). Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuentes fueron hipertensión (47,9%) y dislipidemia (45,2%). La topografía más frecuente fue cortical (52%). En cuanto a los parámetros ecocardiográficos, un 22% tenían la aurícula izquierda dilatada, un 19% tenían foramen oval permeable y un 22% presentaron taquicardia supraventricular de alta densidad (>1%) en el Holter. En el análisis multivariante, la única variable predictora de FA es la presencia taquicardia supraventricular de alta densidad, con un área bajo la curva de 0,726 (IC 0,57-0,87, p=0,04), una sensibilidad del 47,6%, una especificidad del 97,5%, un valor predictivo positivo del 90,9%, un valor predictivo negativo del 78,8% y una exactitud del 80,9%. Conclusiones La presencia de taquicardia supraventricular de alta densidad puede ser orientativa para predecir FA silente. No se han observado otras variables que nos permitan predecir la detección de FA en estos pacientes (AU)

Introduction Cryptogenic stroke constitutes 25% of all ischemic strokes, of which 20–30% are due to atrial fibrillation (AF). With the aim of increasing the detection rate, implantable long-term monitoring devices have emerged. The study of the profile of the ideal candidate subsidiary to such monitoring would provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this subtype of stroke. Objective To determine which variables are related and can predict the detection of silent AF in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Patients and methods This is a longitudinal cohort with recruitment from March 2017 to May 2022. They are patients with an implantable monitoring device and cryptogenic stroke with a minimum monitoring of one year. Result The total number of patients included was 73, with a mean age of 58.8 years, 56.2% were male. AF was detected in 21 patients (28.8%). The most frequent cardiovascular risk factors were hypertension (47.9%) and dyslipidemia (45.2%). The most frequent topography was cortical (52%). Regarding the echocardiographic parameters, 22% had a dilated left atrium, 19% had a patent foramen ovale, and 22% had high-density supraventricular tachycardia (>1%) on Holter monitoring. In the multivariate analysis, the only variable that predicts AF is the presence of high-density supraventricular tachycardia, with an area under the curve of 0.726 (CI 0.57–0.87, p=0.04), sensitivity of 47.6%, specificity of 97.5%, positive predictive value of 90.9%, negative predictive value of 78.8%, and accuracy of 80.9%. Conclusions The presence of high-density supraventricular tachycardia can be indicative for predicting silent AF. No other variables have been observed that allow us to predict detection of AF in these patients (AU)

Cost-effectiveness of the CNIC-Polypill versus separate monocomponents in cardiovascular secondary prevention in Spain.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Despite advances in treatment, cardiovascular disease is the second leading cause of death in Spain. The objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of the CNIC-Polypill strategy (acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg, atorvastatin 20/40 mg, ramipril 2.5/5/10 mg) compared with the same separate monocomponents for the secondary prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events in adults in Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Markov cost-utility model was adapted considering 4 health states (stable, subsequent major adverse cardiovascular event, subsequent ischemic stroke and death) and the SMART risk equation over a lifetime horizon from the perspective of the Spanish National Healthcare System. The CNIC-Polypill strategy was compared with monocomponents in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 secondary prevention patients. Effectiveness, epidemiological, cost and utilities data were obtained from the NEPTUNO study, official databases and literature. Outcomes were costs (in 2021 euros) per life-year (LY) and quality-adjusted LY (QALY) gained. A 3% discount rate was applied. Deterministic one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses evaluated the robustness of the model. RESULTS: The CNIC-Polypill strategy in secondary prevention results in more LY (13.22) and QALY (11.64) gains at a lower cost than monocomponents. The CNIC-Polypill is dominant and saves є280.68 per patient compared with monocomponents. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis shows that 82.4% of the simulations are below the threshold of є25,000 per QALY gained. CONCLUSIONS: The CNIC-Polypill strategy in secondary cardiovascular prevention is cost-effective compared with the same separate monocomponents, resulting in a cost-saving strategy to the Spanish National Healthcare System.

Dietary modulation of advanced glycation end products metabolism on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes patients: From the CORDIOPREV study / Modulación a través de la dieta del metabolismo de los productos finales de glicación avanzada sobre el grosor de la íntima-media carotídea en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2: estudio CORDIOPREV

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are pro-oxidant and cytotoxic compounds involved in the progression of chronic diseases as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The total body burden of AGEs also depend of those consume through the diet. Our aim was to analyze whether the reduction of AGE levels, after the consumption of two-healthy diets were associated with a greater decrease of intima-media thickness of both common carotid arteries (IMT-CC) in patients with T2DM and coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: 540 CHD patients with T2DM, at baseline, from the CORDIOPREV study, were divided into two groups: (1) Responders, patients whose IMT-CC was reduced or not changed after dietary intervention and (2) Non-responders, patients whose IMT-CC was increased after dietary intervention. A total of 423 completed baseline and the 5-year follow-up carotid ultrasounds were analyzed in this study.Results: Our data showed that Responders, despite had a higher baseline IMT-CC and serum methylglyoxal (MG) levels than Non-responders, showed a reduction of serum levels of this glycotoxin after dietary intervention. Conversely, in patients whose IMT-CC was increased after dietary intervention (Non-responders), serum MG levels were increased. Moreover, an increase of circulating level of AGEs (and in particular, MG), after dietary intervention, could be considered a risk factor for the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with T2DM and CHD. Conclusion: These results support the importance of identifying underlying mechanisms in the context of secondary prevention of CVD that would provide therapeutic targets to reduce the high risk of cardiovascular events of these patients.(AU)

Antecedentes: Los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGE) son compuestos prooxidantes y citotóxicos involucrados en la progresión de enfermedades crónicas, como las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). La carga corporal total de AGE también depende de aquellos que se consumen a través de la dieta. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar si la reducción de los niveles de AGE, tras el consumo de dos dietas cardiosaludables, se asociaba con una mayor disminución del grosor íntima-media de ambas arterias carótidas comunes (GIM-CC) en pacientes con DMT2 y enfermedad coronaria establecida (EC). Métodos: Un total de 540 pacientes con EC y DMT2, al inicio del estudio CORDIOPREV, se dividieron en dos grupos: 1) respondedores, pacientes cuyo GIM-CC disminuyó o no se modificó tras la intervención dietética, y 2) no respondedores, pacientes cuyo GIM-CC aumentó tras la intervención dietética. En este estudio se incluyeron, finalmente, un total de 423 pacientes, aquellos que completaron el estudio de ecografía carotídea tanto en el basal como a los 5 años de intervención dietética. Resultados: Nuestros resultados mostraron que los respondedores, a pesar de tener un GIM-CC y niveles séricos de metilglioxal (MG) más elevados que los no respondedores, mostraron una reducción de los niveles séricos de esta glicotoxina tras la intervención dietética. Por el contrario, en los pacientes cuyo IMT-CC aumentó tras la intervención dietética (no respondedores), los niveles séricos de MG aumentaron. Un aumento de los niveles circulantes de AGE (y en particular de MG) tras la intervención dietética podría considerarse un factor de riesgo para la progresión de la aterosclerosis en pacientes con DMT2 y CE. Conclusión: Estos resultados apoyan la importancia de identificar los mecanismos subyacentes en el contexto de la prevención secundaria de la ECV que proporcionarían dianas y estrategias terapéuticas para reducir el alto riesgo de eventos...(AU)

Serum and genetic markers related to rapid clinical progression of coronary artery disease.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with clinically evident coronary artery disease differ in their rate of progression, which impacts prognosis. We aimed to characterize serum and genetic markers in patients with rapid clinical progression (RCP) of coronary artery disease vs those with long standing stable (LSS) disease. METHODS: Retrospective study of cases (RCP) and controls (LSS) (1:2). Patients requiring ≥ 2 revascularizations due to atherosclerotic progression in the 10 years after a first angioplasty were considered to be RCP and those without events during the same period after the first angioplasty were considered to have LSS disease. After patient selection, we analyzed serum values, mRNA expression and genetic polymorphisms of inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and atherogenic markers consisted of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), low-density lipoprotein receptor, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2, and apolipoprotein-B. RESULTS: The study included 180 patients (58 RCP and 122 LSS). Demographic characteristics, classic risk factors and the extent of coronary disease were similar in the 2 groups. Patients with RCP showed higher serum levels of interleukin-6 and PCSK9 and higher TNF mRNA expression. Interleukin-6 rs180075C, TNF rs3093664 non-G and PCSK9 rs2483205 T alleles conferred a risk of RCP (P<.05 in all cases). Among patients with RCP, 51.7% had all 3 risk alleles vs 18% of those with LSS (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest the existence of specific phenotypic and genotypic markers associated with RCP of coronary artery disease that could help to individualize the type and intensity of treatment.

[Direct-acting oral anticoagulants in antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review]. / Anticoagulantes de acción directa en el síndrome antifosfolípido. Revisión sistemática.

The objective of the systematic review is to analyze the efficacy of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in the prophylaxis of thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). We searched for clinical trials, cohort studies and meta-analyses published from January 1, 2012 to September 30, 2022. Articles that analyzed the efficacy of DOAC in the prevention of thrombosis recurrence, with or without comparison with antivitamin K (VKA) drugs, were selected. DOACs, specifically rivaroxaban and apixaban, were significantly less effective than VKAs in preventing recurrence of thrombosis in patients with APS and prior arterial thrombosis or the concomitant presence of two or three different antiphospholipid antibodies. The proportion of patients with severe bleeding as side effect are similar in those treated with DOAC and with VKA. The results argue against the use of DOAC in the treatment of patients with thrombotic APS.

[Use of the insertable Holter with remote detection in the etiological diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke: Analysis of 73 patients]. / Utilidad del Holter insertable con detección remota en el diagnóstico etiológico del ictus criptogénico: análisis de 73 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Cryptogenic stroke constitutes 25% of all ischemic strokes, of which 20-30% are due to atrial fibrillation (AF). With the aim of increasing the detection rate, implantable long-term monitoring devices have emerged. The study of the profile of the ideal candidate subsidiary to such monitoring would provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this subtype of stroke. OBJECTIVE: To determine which variables are related and can predict the detection of silent AF in patients with cryptogenic stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a longitudinal cohort with recruitment from March 2017 to May 2022. They are patients with an implantable monitoring device and cryptogenic stroke with a minimum monitoring of one year. RESULTS: The total number of patients included was 73, with a mean age of 58.8 years, 56.2% were male. AF was detected in 21 patients (28.8%). The most frequent cardiovascular risk factors were hypertension (47.9%) and dyslipidemia (45.2%). The most frequent topography was cortical (52%). Regarding the echocardiographic parameters, 22% had a dilated left atrium, 19% had a patent foramen ovale, and 22% had high-density supraventricular tachycardia (>1%) on Holter monitoring. In the multivariate analysis, the only variable that predicts AF is the presence of high-density supraventricular tachycardia, with an area under the curve of 0.726 (CI 0.57-0.87, p=0.04), sensitivity of 47.6%, specificity of 97.5%, positive predictive value of 90.9%, negative predictive value of 78.8%, and accuracy of 80.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of high-density supraventricular tachycardia can be indicative for predicting silent AF. No other variables have been observed that allow us to predict detection of AF in these patients.

Tendencias en el uso de estatinas tras un ictus isquémico. ¿Hemos cambiado nuestra práctica clínica? / Trends in the use of statins after ischaemic stroke: Have clinical practices changed?

Introducción: El papel de las estatinas tras el ictus isquémico cambió con la publicación del estudio SPARCL en 2006. Nos planteamos valorar cómo ha influido en la prescripción de estatinas en esta población.MétodoEstudio retrospectivo de las altas por ictus isquémico en los hospitales Virgen Macarena, Virgen del Rocío y Valme de Sevilla durante dos periodos: 1999-2001 y 2014-2016.ResultadoIncluimos 1.575 pacientes, 661 (42%) mujeres, edad media 69 (± 10) años. Comparando los dos períodos, los pacientes del grupo post-SPARCL tienen mayor edad (68 ± 10 vs. 71 ± 11, p = 0,0001), mayor proporción de mujeres y mayor frecuencia de dislipidemia, hipertensión y diabetes. Al alta se utilizaron estatinas en el 18,7% frente al 86,9% (p = 0,0001), y estatinas de alta intensidad en el 11,1% frente al 54,4% (p = 0,0001), respectivamente. En ambos períodos la atorvastatina fue la estatina más recetada (80 mg, 6% vs. 42,7%; 40 mg, 5,1% vs. 11,1%). En el primer grupo, el uso de estatinas y de estatinas de alta intensidad se correlacionó con la hipercolesterolemia, y de forma inversa con la edad. En el segundo grupo, el uso de estatinas se correlacionó con la hipertensión y la hipercolesterolemia, y el de estatinas de alta intensidad, con la cardiopatía isquémica y, de forma inversa, con la edad.ConclusiónExiste un cambio evidente en la prescripción de estatinas al alta en pacientes con ictus isquémico. No obstante, muchos pacientes siguen infratratados y es preciso optimizar su uso. (AU)

Introduction: The role of statins after ischaemic stroke changed with the publication of the SPARCL study in 2006. We analyse how this has influenced the prescription of statins in this patient population.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of patients discharged with ischaemic stroke at the Virgen Macarena, Virgen del Rocío, and Valme hospitals in Seville (Spain) over two periods: 1999-2001 and 2014-2016.ResultsThe study included 1575 patients: 661 (42%) were women and mean age (standard deviation) was 69 (10) years. Patients from the later period are older (68 [10] vs 71 [11]; P = .0001); include a higher proportion of women; and present higher rates of dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and diabetes. At discharge, statins were used in 18.7% of patients (vs 86.9% in the first period; P = .0001), with high-intensity statins prescribed in 11.1% of cases (vs 54.4%; P = .0001). In both periods, atorvastatin was the most commonly prescribed statin (80 mg: 6% vs 42.7%; 40 mg: 5.1% vs 11.1%). In the first period, the use of statins and high-intensity statins was correlated with hypercholesterolaemia, and inversely correlated with age. In the second period, statin use was correlated with hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, and high-intensity statin use was correlated with ischaemic heart disease and inversely correlated with age.ConclusionThere has been a clear change in the prescription of statins to patients with ischaemic stroke at discharge. However, many patients remain undertreated and the use of these drugs needs to be optimised. (AU)

Spinal cord infarction: aetiology, imaging findings, and prognostic factors in a series of 41 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord infarction is a rare disease with a high rate of morbidity. Its diagnosis can be challenging and controversy remains regarding the best treatment. Few case series have been published. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of cases of spinal cord infarction attended in a tertiary hospital from 1999 to 2020. Aetiology and clinical, imaging, and prognostic features were assessed. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (58.5% men, mean [standard deviation] age 61 [17] years) were included in the study. Thirty-one patients (75.6%) presented vascular risk factors. Motor deficits were recorded in 39 (95.1%), pain in 20 (48.8%), sensory deficits in 33 (80.4%), and autonomic dysfunction in 24 (58.5%). MRI was performed in 37 (90.2%) patients. Diffusion-weighted images were available for 12 patients, with 10 showing diffusion restriction. The thoracic region was the most frequently affected (68.2%). Vascular imaging studies were performed in 33 patients (80.4%). The most frequent aetiologies were aortic dissection (6 cases), atherosclerosis demonstrated by vascular imaging (6 cases), fibrocartilaginous embolism (6 cases), surgery (5 cases), and hypotension (4 cases). Aetiology was undetermined in 12 patients (29.3%), although 9 of these presented vascular risk factors. At the end of the follow-up period (median, 24 months; interquartile range, 3-70), 12 patients (29.2%) were able to walk without assistance. Vascular risk factors and paraparesis were significantly associated with poorer prognosis (P < .05). DISCUSSION: Spinal cord infarction may present diverse aetiologies, with the cause remaining undetermined in many patients. Long-term functional prognosis is poor, and depends on baseline characteristics and clinical presentation. MRI, and especially diffusion-weighted sequences, is useful for early diagnosis.

[Anti-smoking intervention in the acute phase of acute coronary syndrome: Is there additional benefit in patients included in a cardiac rehabilitation program?] / Intervención antitabaco en fase aguda del síndrome coronario agudo: ¿existe beneficio adicional en pacientes incluidos en un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca?

BACKGROUND: Smoking is a challenge in secondary prevention after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The objective was to assess whether the early anti-smoking intervention (ASI), in the acute hospitalization phase, improves the abstinence rate obtained during a cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP). METHODS: Multicenter clinical trial in which smoker patients admitted for ACS were randomized 1:1 to receive or not ASI from the first day of admission. Upon discharge, both groups were referred to the CRP, performing abstinence controls using co-oximetry. Patients lost were considered smokers. RESULTS: 72 patients were included, 58 men (80.5%), mean age 53 ± 8.1 years. They were admitted for ST elevation myocardial infarction 42 (58%), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction 29 (40%) and unstable angina 1 (1.3%). They smoked an average of 22 ± 11.3 cigarettes/day (pack-year index 37 ± 20). They completed the Richmond test (8.8 ± 1.3) and Fagestrom (5.69 ± 2.1). 36 patients (50%) were randomized to ASI, with no differences in the baseline characteristics of both groups. The dropout rate at the time of inclusion in CRP was higher in the ASI group (69 vs. 44%; p 0.034; OR 2.84), without statistical significance at discharge from the CRP (58 vs. 50%; p 0.478; OR 1.4) or at 12 months (58 vs. 44%; p 0.24; OR 1.75). CONCLUSIONS: The ASI during admission significantly improves the smoking cessation rate at the time of inclusion in the CRP. Part of these beneficial effects are reduced in the follow-up losing statistical significance with respect to the control group.

Dietary modulation of advanced glycation end products metabolism on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes patients: From the CORDIOPREV study.

BACKGROUND: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are pro-oxidant and cytotoxic compounds involved in the progression of chronic diseases as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The total body burden of AGEs also depend of those consume through the diet. Our aim was to analyze whether the reduction of AGE levels, after the consumption of two-healthy diets were associated with a greater decrease of intima-media thickness of both common carotid arteries (IMT-CC) in patients with T2DM and coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: 540 CHD patients with T2DM, at baseline, from the CORDIOPREV study, were divided into two groups: (1) Responders, patients whose IMT-CC was reduced or not changed after dietary intervention and (2) Non-responders, patients whose IMT-CC was increased after dietary intervention. A total of 423 completed baseline and the 5-year follow-up carotid ultrasounds were analyzed in this study. RESULTS: Our data showed that Responders, despite had a higher baseline IMT-CC and serum methylglyoxal (MG) levels than Non-responders, showed a reduction of serum levels of this glycotoxin after dietary intervention. Conversely, in patients whose IMT-CC was increased after dietary intervention (Non-responders), serum MG levels were increased. Moreover, an increase of circulating level of AGEs (and in particular, MG), after dietary intervention, could be considered a risk factor for the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with T2DM and CHD. CONCLUSION: These results support the importance of identifying underlying mechanisms in the context of secondary prevention of CVD that would provide therapeutic targets to reduce the high risk of cardiovascular events of these patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00924937. Unique Identifier: NCT00924937.

Trends in the use of statins after ischaemic stroke: Have clinical practices changed?

INTRODUCTION: The role of statins after ischaemic stroke changed with the publication of the SPARCL study in 2006. We analyse how this has influenced the prescription of statins in this patient population. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of patients discharged with ischaemic stroke at the Virgen Macarena, Virgen del Rocío, and Valme hospitals in Seville (Spain) over two periods: 1999-2001 and 2014-2016. RESULTS: The study included 1575 patients: 661 (42%) were women and mean age (standard deviation) was 69 (10) years. Patients from the later period are older (68 [10] vs 71 [11]; P = .0001); include a higher proportion of women; and present higher rates of dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and diabetes. At discharge, statins were used in 18.7% of patients (vs 86.9% in the first period; P = .0001), with high-intensity statins prescribed in 11.1% of cases (vs 54.4%; P = .0001). In both periods, atorvastatin was the most commonly prescribed statin (80 mg: 6% vs 42.7%; 40 mg: 5.1% vs 11.1%). In the first period, the use of statins and high-intensity statins was correlated with hypercholesterolaemia, and inversely correlated with age. In the second period, statin use was correlated with hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, and high-intensity statin use was correlated with ischaemic heart disease and inversely correlated with age. CONCLUSION: There has been a clear change in the prescription of statins to patients with ischaemic stroke at discharge. However, many patients remain undertreated and the use of these drugs needs to be optimised.

Board game on healthy lifestyle for people with coronary artery disease / Juego de mesa de estilo de vida saludable para personas con enfermedad de las arterias coronarias / Jogo de tabuleiro sobre estilo de vida saudável para pessoas com doença arterial coronariana

ABSTRACT Objective: to develop and analyze content and face validity evidence of a board game to promote healthy lifestyle habits for patients with coronary artery disease. Method: this is a psychometric study of development and validity of a board game for health education. Data collection was carried out between October 2021 and January 2022. Initially, the game rules were described and, sequentially, themes related to cardiovascular prevention were identified, used as a basis for card development. The game was submitted to assessment by 14 experts in terms of clarity, theoretical relevance, practical relevance, image visibility and relationship between image and text, through a Likert scale score. The content validity coefficient was calculated for each round, with a coefficient greater than 0.57 being considered valid. New assessment rounds were performed until the appropriate coefficient was reached. Results: the board game was built containing images of anthropomorphized hearts alluding to healthy lifestyle habits and 45 spaces. A total of 69 cards were developed containing the themes of healthy eating, physical activity and the importance of smoking and alcohol cessation. In the first round of assessment, three cards did not reach the minimum content validity coefficient. They were reformulated and sent to a second round of assessment, and was considered validated in this new round. Conclusion: the game, its rules and its content showed adequate content validity evidence after the second round. Further studies to analyze its effect on lifestyle modification should be carried out.

RESUMEN Objetivo: desarrollar y analizar evidencias de validez de contenido y apariencia de un juego de mesa para promover hábitos de vida saludables en pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria. Método: estudio psicométrico de desarrollo y validación de un juego de mesa para educación en salud. Os dados se recopilaron desde octubre de 2021 hasta noviembre de 2022. Inicialmente, se describieron las reglas del juego y, en forma secuencial, se identificaron temas relacionados con la prevención cardiovascular, utilizado como base para el desarrollo de gráficos. El juego fue sometido a la evaluación de 14 especialistas en términos de claridad, pertinencia teórica, pertinencia práctica, nitidez de las imágenes y relación entre la imagen y el texto, a través de la puntuación de la escala Likert. Se calculó el coeficiente de validez de contenido para cada ronda, considerándose válido un coeficiente superior a 0,57. Se realizaron nuevas rondas de evaluación hasta alcanzar el coeficiente adecuado. Resultados: se construyó el juego de mesa que contenía imágenes de corazones antropomorfizados alusivos a hábitos de vida saludables y 45 casas. Se desarrollaron 69 cartas que contenían los temas de alimentación saludable, actividad física y la importancia de dejar de fumar y de beber alcohol. En la primera ronda de evaluación, tres letras no alcanzaron el coeficiente mínimo de validez de contenido. Fueron reformulados y enviados a la segunda ronda de evaluación, considerándose validados en esta nueva ronda. Conclusión: el juego, sus reglas y su contenido mostraron evidencia adecuada de validez de contenido después de la segunda ronda. Se deben realizar más estudios para analizar su efecto en la modificación del estilo de vida.

RESUMO Objetivo: desenvolver e analisar evidências de validade de conteúdo e de face de um jogo de tabuleiro para promoção de hábitos saudáveis de vida para pacientes com doença arterial coronariana. Método: estudo psicométrico de desenvolvimento e validação de um jogo de tabuleiro para educação em saúde A coleta de dados foi realizada entre os meses de outubro de 2021 e janeiro de 2022. Inicialmente, foram descritas as regras do jogo e sequencialmente foram identificados temas relacionados à prevenção cardiovascular, usados como base para o desenvolvimento de cartas. O jogo foi submetido à avaliação de 14 especialistas em relação à clareza, relevância teórica, pertinência prática, nitidez das imagens e relação da imagem com o texto, por meio da pontuação em escala de Likert. Foi calculado o coeficiente de validade de conteúdo para cada rodada, sendo considerado válido um coeficiente superior a 0,57. Novas rodadas de avaliação foram realizadas até que o coeficiente adequado fosse atingido. Resultados: o jogo de tabuleiro foi construído contendo imagens de corações antropomorfizados aludindo a hábitos saudáveis de vida e 45 casas. Foram desenvolvidas 69 cartas contendo as temáticas de alimentação saudável, atividade física e a importância da cessação do tabagismo e do álcool. Na primeira rodada de avaliação, três cartas não atingiram o coeficiente de validade de conteúdo mínimo. Foram reformuladas e enviadas para a segunda rodada de avaliação, sendo consideradas validadas nessa nova rodada. Conclusão: o jogo, suas regras e seu conteúdo apresentaram adequadas evidências de validade de conteúdo após a segunda rodada. Estudos posteriores para análise do seu efeito na modificação do estilo de vida devem ser realizados.